(Udmurt)
InitAdvSb & FinalAdvSb / InternAdvSb (+InitAdvSb) (+FinalAdvSb) & FinalAdvSb +InitAdvSb
InitAdvSb: An independent subordinator appears at the front of the subordinate clause.
FinalAdvSb: An independent subordinator appears at the end of the subordinate clause.
InternAdvSb: An independent subordinator appears within the subordinate clause.
| (1) | mon | možgalan | vordiśk-i, | maly_ke_šuono, | anaj-ataj-e | otyn | ul-i-zy. |
|---|
| I | Mozhga.INE | be_born‑PST.1SG | because | mum‑dad‑1SG | there | live‑PST‑3PL |
| ’I was born in Mozhga as my parents lived there.’ (Winkler 2011: 168) |
| (2) | kuke | | myn-iśk-o | | mon | vordsk-em | šajer-ti-m, | śulem | noš | |
|---|
| when | | go‑PRS‑1SG | | I | be_born‑PTCP.PRF | country‑PROL‑1SG | heart | again | | |
| tyrm-e | kyrʒ́an-en. |
| fill‑3SG | song‑INSCOM |
| ’When I travel through my homeland, my heart fills with song again.’ (Winkler 2011: 168) |
| (3) | kyźy | soos-ty | dyšet-o-d | jaraty-ny | inkuaź-ez, | jesľi |
|---|
| how | they‑ACC | teach‑FUT‑2SG | love‑INF | nature‑ACC | if |
| gurt-jos-yn | žagkujan | bak-jos | no | övöl? |
| village‑PL‑INE | dustbin | holder‑PL | too | be.NEG |
| ’How can you teach them to protect the environment if there are not even dustbins in the villages?’ (Asztalos 2018: 143) |
| (4) | imperiaľizm | | vań | na | dyrja, | | ćelovećestvo | jalan |
|---|
| imperialism | | be | still | when | | mankind | always |
| śulemšugjaśk-ono | | lu-e | aźlań-yn | ulon-ez | ponna. |
| worry‑PTCP.NEC | | will_be‑3SG | further‑INE | life‑DET | for |
| ’As long as imperialism exists, mankind can continue being worried about its future.’ (Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 64) |
| (5) | aśseos | juan-jos | malpaľľa-sal-zy | ke, | šudiś-jos-ly | no |
|---|
| self.3PL | question‑PL | think‑COND‑3PL | if | player‑PL‑DAT | too |
| kapći-ges | luy-sal. |
| easy‑COMP | will_be‑COND |
| ’If they thought over the questions themselves, it would be easier for the players, too.’ (Asztalos 2018: 142) |
| (6) | mylkyd | ke | kapći, | | už | | no | kapći. |
|---|
| mood | if | easy | | work | | too | easy |
| ’If your mood is good, work is easy, too.’ (Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 90) |
| (7) | jesľi | kule | ke |
|---|
| if | must | if |
| ‘if necessary’ (Udmurt corpus) |
| (8) | eššo | no | kruto-ges | luy-sal, | jesľi | soos | tancpol-yn | ke |
|---|
| even | too | cool‑COMP | will_be‑COND | if | they | dancefloor‑INE | if |
| ekty-sal-zy, | jegit-jos-yn | čoš. |
| dance‑COND‑3PL | young‑PL‑INSCOM | together |
| ’It would be even cooler if they were dancing on the dancefloor together with the youngsters.’ (Asztalos 2018: 142) |
| (9) | tiľad | udmurt-jos-len | jesľi | ńe | śektaśkon | ke, | to | ekton |
|---|
| you.GEN | udmurt‑PL‑GEN | if | not | treat_with_food | if | then | dance |
| da | šuldyrjaśkon (...). |
| and | entertainment |
| ‘If you Udmurt do not eat and drink then you dance and enjoy yourselves (...).’ (Asztalos 2018: 143) |
In Udmurt, certain subordinating conjunctions appear at the front of the subordinate clause (1)–(3), while others at the end (4). The subordinating conjunction ke ’if’ can be in a clause-final (5) or clause-internal (6) position, moreover, it can combine with the typically but not necessarily (cf. (9)) clause-initial subordinating conjunction of the same meaning, jesľi, borrowed from Russian (7)–(9).
Author: Erika Asztalos
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