(Udmurt)
Nom
Nom: Two categories are distinguished from a morphosyntactic perspective: 1. [Sa, Snona, Aa and Anona]; 2. [P]. This type is known as nominative or nominative–accusative.
| (1) | dańil | porja. |
|---|
| Danyil | walk.3SG |
| ’Danyil is walking.’ (Y. S.) |
| (2) | dańil | iźe. |
|---|
| Danyil | sleep.3SG |
| ’Danyil is sleeping.’ (Y. S.) |
| (3) | dańil | tone | utća. |
|---|
| Danyil | you.ACC | seek.3SG |
| ’Danyil is looking for you.’ (Y. S.) |
| (4) | dańil | tone | jarate. |
|---|
| Danyil | you.ACC | love.3SG |
| ’Danyil loves you.’ (Y. S.) |
| (5) | (…) kabińet-e | kyl-em-jos | ma-je | ke | vat-o. |
|---|
| study‑ILL | stay‑PTCp.PRF | what‑ACC | PCL | hide‑3PL |
| ’(…) those who stayed in the study are hiding something.’ (Udmurt duńńe: Jegitjos udmurtlykly byryny uz śote!) |
| (6) | dańil | ma | ke | utća. |
|---|
| Danyil | what | PCL | seek.3SG |
| ’Danyil is looking for something.’ (Y. S.) |
Udmurt is a nominative language (Winkler 2001: 64), encoding the S/A arguments of intransitive and transitive verbs in nominative case (1)–(6), and the pronominal P arguments of transitive verbs in an accusative form (3)–(5). (Interrogative, indefinite, negative and common pronominal P arguments referring to inanimate entities can take an accusative form (5), but they can have unmarked nominative case as well (6). Either way, syntactically, they behave as objects.)
Author: Erika Asztalos
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