Subject-headed relative clauses (Meadow Mari)

RelPro & RCnonS & CorrelPro

RelPro: Subject-headed relative clauses include both the nominal head of the relative clause in the main clause and an obligatory coreferential pronoun in the relative clause. The pronoun is marked as the subject of the relative clause, while the nominal head is marked for the role it plays in the main clause.

RCnonS: While the nominal head of a subject-headed relative clause can be understood to be the subject of the clause, this role is not marked grammatically; instead, the noun is only marked for its syntactic role in the main clause.

CorrelPro: Subject-headed relative clauses obligatorily include both the nominal head in the relative clause and either the same noun or a more generic term in the main clause.

(1)izi-rakijgotanprestupńik-ən,kudəžoškekum
smallCOMPagecriminalGENwhoselfthree
odnoklassńik-šə-mpušt-ən,mu-ən-əttidekńiga-m.
classmateDETACCkillPST2.3SGfindPST23PLthisbookACC
‘This book was found in possession of the juvenile delinquent who killed three of his classmates all by himself.’ (Arkhangelskiy 2019)

(2)eŋervokteneil-əše-vlak-lanmagazin-əštora-škekošt-ašlogal-eš.
riverbesidelivePTCP.ACTPLDATshopLATfarILLgoINFtakes3SG
’Those living by the river have to walk a long way to the shop.’ (Brykina–Aralova 2012: 487)

(3)kudomužərentora-škemunčalt-envol-a,daen
whichcoupleSUPERLfarILLslideCVBdescend3SGandSUPERL
pisənkurəkvuj-əšküz-a,nun-əmkaləkdečmokt-alt-əme
fastmountaintopLATclimb3SGtheyACCpeoplefrompraiseREFLPTCP.PASS
šomakvuč-a.
talkwait3SG
’The couple sliding down the furthest and climbing the mountain the fastest can expect words of praise from the people.’ (Arkhangelskiy 2019)

In Meadow Mari, subject-headed relative clauses are standardly expressed using participial constructions (2), but the relative pronouns kudo or kudəžo ‘who’, ‘which’ are also commonly used in the spoken language (1). Constructions where the noun appears in the relative clause marked as the subject combined with a pronoun in the main clause in the form determined by its role there are also attested (3).

Author: Bogáta Timár


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