(Meadow Mari)
SuffCC
SuffCC: Causation is expressed using a suffix on the action verb.
| (1) | rveze | či-ja. |
|---|
| boy | get_dressed‑3SG |
| ’The boy is getting dressed.’ (Riese et al. 2022: 393) |
| (2) | ava | ergə-žə-m | či-kt-a. |
|---|
| mother | boy‑3SG‑ACC | dress‑CAUS‑3SG |
| ’The mother dresses her son.’ (Riese et al. 2022: 393) |
| (3) | vol’lək | vüta-ške | pur-a. |
|---|
| farm_animal | barn‑ILL | enter‑3SG |
| ’The farm animal is going into the barn.’ (T. E.) |
| (4) | ava-m | vol’lək-əm | vüta-ške | pur-t-a. |
|---|
| mother‑1SG | farm_animal‑ACC | barn‑ILL | enter‑CAUS‑3SG |
| ’My mother shepherds the farm animal into the barn.’ (T. E.) |
| (5) | kagaz | jom-ən. |
|---|
| paper | lose‑PST2.3SG |
| ’The paper got lost.’ (T. E.) |
| (6) | kagaz-əm | jom-dar-en-am. |
|---|
| paper‑ACC | lose‑CAUS‑PST2‑1SG |
| ’I lost the paper.’ (T. E.) |
Several affixes can express causation in Meadow Mari, all of them being suffixes (Riese et al. 2022: 392–395).
Author: Bogáta Timár
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