LIDIVOKA Typological Database

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Please note that this infrastructure is under construction. The catalogue of features to be included in this database is provisional. Feature #1, Intensive p-reduplication, serves as an illustration how the database will be structured in general. Hover your mouse over a feature name to see a brief summary as a tool tip.

All | Wider Volga-Kama Region | Core languages

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Ideophones, reduplication, descriptive words

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
1, Intensive p-reduplication πŸ—ΊοΈ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
2, Descriptive words πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
3, Borrowing of adverbs or ideophones plus calqued verb πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
4, Emphatic compounds and reduplication πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
5, Partial reduplication πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Phonology, prosody

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
6, Word level stress πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
7, Word accent on last syllable πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
8, Stress in negation and imperatives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
9, Reduced vowels πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
10, Convergence in vowel harmony πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
11, Hill Mari vowel harmony πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
12, Secondary palato-velar harmony πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
13, Secondary labial harmony πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
14, Convergent development of consonants πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
15, Shokanye (β€œΡˆΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½ΡŒΠ΅β€) in Russian dialects πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Derivational morphology

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
16, Morphology of indefinite pronouns and adverbs πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
17, Prefix of indefinite pronomina πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
18, Borrowing of indefinite pronominal markers πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
19, Morphology of negative indefinites / negative pronouns πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
20, Vocative forms in -j πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
21, Nominal derivational suffix -lΙ™k πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
22, Borrowing of the Turkic suffix -či to denote professions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
23, Nominal derivational suffix -zE πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
24, Nominal derivational suffix -_čək _/ -_zΙ™k_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
25, Borrowing of the adjective suffix -_le/ly_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
26, Borrowing of adverbial suffix πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
27, Caritive derivational suffixes πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
28, Causative suffix -_DAr_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
29, Derivational suffix -_lAn_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
30, Derivational suffix -_GΓ„l_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
31, Derivational suffix -_Ar_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
32, Mari nominal negative suffix _-DΙ™mAΕ‘(lΙ™k)_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
33, Adjectival derivational suffix -_an_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
34, Participle + -_an_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
35, Reflexive and frequentative verbs πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
36, Substantival and adjectival numerals πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
37, Abessive as Negation + Elative/Ablative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
38, Borrowed adjectives ending in -oj πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Inflectional morphology – verbal

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
39, Mari necessive infinitive -_mΙ™la_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
40, Formation of conditional πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
41, Moksha negative conditional πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
42, Chuvash 2SG negative imperative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
43, Mari future participle _-Ε‘aΕ‘(lΙ™k)_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
44, Udmurt perfect II πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
45, Past tense negation in Udmurt πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
46, Mordvin past tense πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Inflectional morphology – nominal

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
47, Mari plural suffixes -_vlak _/ -_vlΓ€ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
48, Mari plural suffix -_Ε‘aməč_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
49, Comparative of adjectives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
50, Superlative of adjectives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
51, The Tatar superlative particle _iΕ‹_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
52, Comparative case -_lA_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
53, Attributive suffix -_nEkE_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
54, Postpositions with pronominal complements πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
55, Nominal inflection on adjectives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Other word formation

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
56, Hyponym Compounds πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Various particles / clitics

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
57, Particle -_Γ„lΓ„_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
58, Emphasizing particle -_ak_/_ok πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
59, Conjunctive and emphasizing clitics πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
60, Emphatic / diminutive particle -_lAj_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
61, Hesitation particle _dΙ™r_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
62, Diminutive particle -_KEnΓ„ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
63, Interrogative / temporal particle _vArA_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Postpositions

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
64, Borrowing of postpositions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
65, Postposition _posna_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
66, Adoption of grammatical constructions (in context with the use of postpositions) πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
67, Postposition _(den) pΙ™rl'a πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
68, Postposition _kΓΆra_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
69, Modification of inessive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Converbs

Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
70, Converbs as predicate πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
71, Calqued converb constructions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
72, Converbs governed by auxiliaries πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73, Aspectual converbs πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73A, β€˜to be filled’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73B, β€˜to be, to become’ > ingressive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73C, β€˜to become superfluous’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73D, β€˜to carry out’ > delimitative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73E, β€˜to come’ > gradual πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73F, β€˜to descend’ > ingressive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73G, β€˜to end’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73H, β€˜to endure, to bear’ > continuative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73I, β€˜to fill something up’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73J, β€˜to finish’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73K, β€˜to gather, to provide’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73L, β€˜to give’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73M, β€˜to go (away), to leave’ > ingressive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73N, β€˜to go out, to leave’ > delimitative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73O, β€˜to go, to come’ > gradual πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73P, β€˜to go, to wander’ > durative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73Q, β€˜to leave something’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73R, β€˜to let go, to send’ > ingressive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73S, β€˜to lie down, to fall’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73T, β€˜to lie’ > durative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73U, β€˜to live’ > durative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73V, β€˜to look’ > ingressive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73W, β€˜to manage’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73X, β€˜to put, to place (sitting position)’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73Y, β€˜to put, to place (standing position)’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73Z, β€˜to reach, to arrive’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AA, β€˜to scatter’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AB, β€˜to set’ > iterative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AC, β€˜to sit around’ > iterative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AD, β€˜to sit down’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AE, β€˜to sit’ > durative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AF, β€˜to stand around’ > iterative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AG, β€˜to stand up’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AH, β€˜to stand’ > durative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AI, β€˜to stay’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AJ, β€˜to stop, to cease’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AK, β€˜to strike (a target)’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AL, β€˜to take out’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AM, β€˜to take’ > delimitative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AN, β€˜to throw’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AO, β€˜to throw’ > resultative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AP, β€˜to turn’ > iterative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
73AQ, β€˜to win’ > exhaustive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
74, Converbs as serial verbs πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
75, Finite usage of converbs in β€œemphatic” constructions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
76, Functions of the converb of β€˜be’ with professions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
77, Chuvash and Udmurt converbs in -_sa / -sA πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Possession

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78, β€œIzafet” construction πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
79, β€œIzafet” construction (genitive attribute) πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
80, Non-possessive functions of 3SG possessive suffixes πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
81, Possessive suffixes expressing contrast πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
82, Plurality expressed through a possessive suffix πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Number

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83, Usage of singular and plural πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
84, Emphatic plurals πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
85, Lack of number agreement πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
86, Number agreement of subject and predicate πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
87, Associative / collective plurals πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
88, Reference to body parts and number πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Functions of cases

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89, Functions of the dative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
90, Functions of the ablative πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
91, Usage of the abessive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
92, Other functions of β€˜with’ / instrumental case πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
93, Other calqued verbal government πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Nominalizations, participles, non-finite clauses

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94, β€œAgent participle” as subject πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
95, Instrumental subject in nominalizations πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Sentential syntax

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96, Basic word order πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
97, Position of complementizers πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
98, Matter and pattern borrowing in context with conjunctions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
99, Loaned syntax in connection to function words πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
100, Relative pronouns πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
101, Position of quotative particles πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
102, Coding of the causee in ditransitive constructions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
103, Causal sentences πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
104, Disjunctive syntagms πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
105, Disjunctive conjunction _ala … ala _/ _ Γ€lΓ€ … Γ€lΓ€_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
106, Disjunctive conjunction _ja … ja_ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
107, Predicative usage of passive participles πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
108, Accusative with reflexive verbal morphology / passive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
109, Calqued by-phrases πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
110, General usage of passives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
111, Prolepsis / Double accusatives / Raising to Object πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
112, Double negation πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Information structure

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113, Focus positions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
114, Differential Object Marking (DOM) πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
115, Mordvin infinitive word order πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Questions

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116, Position of wh-words πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
117, Wh-words in nominalizations / dependent wh-questions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
118, Polar question marking πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
119, Marking of dependent polar questions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Phrasal syntax

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120, Postposition β€˜with’ / instrumental / comitative case used for NP coordination πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
121, Changes in Mari constituent order πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Syntactic-semantic constructions

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122, Existential markers – polysemy and nominal-verbal πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
123, Negative existential markers πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
124, Modal existential wh-constructions πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
125, Existential necessive future construction πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
126, Negative existential nominalization construction / Negation cleft πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
127, Partitive genitive πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
128, β€˜instead of’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
129, Infinitives as sentence level adverbials πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
130, Ethical datives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
131, Show-benefactives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
132, Give-benefactives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
133, Take-autobenefactives πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
134, Present participle as modal or inchoative predicate πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
135, Non-canonical verbs of saying πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
136, Indexical Shift of personal pronouns πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
137, Use of nominative after words which demand other cases in standard Russian etc. in Russian dialects πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
138, Semantic extension in Russian dialects πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
139, Infinitive-Infinitive construction πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Modality and Evidentiality

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140, The category of evidentiality πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
141, Verbal noun of β€˜to be’ as evidential marker πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
142, Modal β€˜arrive’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
143, Modal β€˜come / go out’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
144, Modal β€˜be’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Pragmatics / discourse

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145, Discourse markers πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Loan words / calqued words

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146, Verbal borrowing strategies πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147, Days of the week πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147A, Monday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147B, Tuesday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147C, Wednesday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147D, Thursday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147E, Friday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147F, Saturday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
147G, Sunday πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
148, Quotative particles πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
149, Borrowing of nouns plus calqued verb πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
150, Borrowing of nouns with illative plus calqued verb πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
151, Adnominal light verb constructions with β€˜to make, to do’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
152, Adverbal and adjectival light verb constructions with β€˜to make, to do’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
153, Ideophones + light verb β€˜to make, to do’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
154, Borrowing of nouns plus light verb β€˜to be’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
155, Borrowing of adjectives plus light verb β€˜to be’ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
156, Borrowing of idiomatic expressions with light verbs πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
157, β€œTotal” borrowing of analytical verbal constructions (all - nouns/adjectives/adverbs plus verb are l πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
158, Borrowing of indefinite pronouns πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ
159, Usage of (higher) cardinal numbers in Russian πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Map πŸ—ΊοΈ?
Article πŸ“°?
Bashkir
Chuvash
Tatar
Meadow Mari
Hill Mari
Udmurt
Besermyan
160, Person – stranger πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ πŸ—οΈ

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Last update: 15 December 2020